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OBJECTIVE To study the effects of the Mongolian medicine Sugemule-4 on the metabolism of insomnia rats， and to preliminarily explore its possible mechanisms for improving insomnia. METHODS The rat model of chronic stress insomnia was established by tail clipping stimulation and intraperitoneal injection of p-chlorophenyl alanine solution. Twenty-four male rats were randomly divided into the normal group， model group， diazepam group （positive control， 0.92 mg/kg）， and Sugemule-4 group （5.2 g/kg）， with 6 rats in each group. Since the 7th day of tail clipping stimulation， the Sugemule-4 group and diazepam group began to be intragastrically administered with relevant medicine； the normal group and model group were intragastrically administered with an equal volume of distilled water， once a day， for 14 consecutive days. The learning and memory abilities of rats were tested using a water maze experiment， and the non-invasive sleep activity monitoring system was used to monitor the 24- hour sleep time of rats. A metabolomics study was conducted on rat serum and hippocampal tissue by using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The multivariate statistical analysis method was adopted to analyze the differential metabolites in serum and hippocampal tissue of rats， and screen for differential metabolites and metabolic pathways among those groups. RESULTS Compared with the normal group， the escape latency of rats in the model group was significantly increased， the times of crossing platforms were significantly reduced， and the percentage of average 24-hour sleep time was significantly reduced （P＜0.05）. Compared with the model group， the levels of the above indicators were significantly reversed in the diazepam group and Sugemule-4 group （P＜0.05）. Metabolomics studies found that a total of 9 differential metabolites were identified in rat serum and hippocampal tissue， including 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid， canine urate， canine urinary quinolinic acid， 5-hydroxytryptamine， phenol sulfate， 1-carboxyethyltyrosine， 3-（4-hydroxyphenyl） lactate， N-acetyl tyrosine， tyrosine and phenol sulfate， mainly involving 2 metabolic pathways of tryptophan and tyrosine.CONCLUSIONS Sugemule-4 can improve the sleep time and behavioral performance of insomnia rats， and its mechanism may be associated with affecting amino acid metabolic pathways such as tryptophan and tyrosine.
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OBJECTIVE To systematic ally stu dy the chemic al components of ethanol extract from Sanzi san ，and to provide reference for clarifying the pharmacodynamic material basis of the formulation. METHODS HPLC-Q-Exactive-MS technology was adopted. The determination was performed on Shim-pack GIST-HP C 18 column with mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile- 0.1％ formic acid aqueous solution for gradient elution at the flow rate of 1 mL/min. The column temperature was 40 ℃，and sample size was 10 μL. Mass spectrometry conditions included the electrospray spray ion source was used for detection in positive and negative ion detection modes. Full MS/dd-MS 2 detection mode was adopted ，the resolution of Full MS was 70 000 and the resolution of dd-MS2 was 17 500. The scanning range was m/z 110-1 200. The ion peaks were identified by comparing with the information of control substances ，literature references and self-built database. RESULTS A total of 64 components were identified in the ethanol extract of Mongolian medicine Sanzi san ， including 9 flavonoids，13 iridoids，14 organic acids ，18 tannins，3 triterpenes，3 amino acids and 4 fatty acids. CONCLUSIONS The ethanol extract of Mongolian medicine Sanzi san mainly include iridoids ，tannins and flavonoids ，which might be the pharmacodynamic material basis of Sanzi san.
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Objective: Pulmonary infectious diseases (PID) include viral pneumonia (VP) and pulmonary tuberculosis (PT). Mongolian medicine (MM) is an effective treatment option in China, however, the core group medicines (CGMs) in the treatment of PID and their underlying therapeutic mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, through the method of data mining, the CGMs of MM for the treatment of PID were excavated, and the possible mechanism of action of the CGMs in the treatment of PID was explored by using network pharmacology. Methods: First, 89 MM formulae for the treatment of pulmonary infectious diseases collected from Gan Lu Si Bu, Meng Yi Jin Kui, People's Republic of China Ministry of Health Drug Standards (Mongolian Medicine Volume), Standard of Mongolian Medicine Preparations in Inner Mongolia (2007 Edition), and Standard of Mongolian Medicine Preparations in Inner Mongolia (2014 Edition). The CGMs of MM for PID were excavated through association rule analysis and cluster analysis. Then, the active ingredients and potential targets of the CGMs were obtained from TCMSP, TCMIP, BATMAN-TCM databases. PID targets information was collected from OMIM, GeneCards, and DrugBank databases. The possible targets of CGMs treatment for PID were obtained by intersection. The PPI network was constructed through the STRING database, and the topology analysis of the network was performed. Through the enrichment analysis of the intersection targets by R language, the main action pathways and related target proteins of CGMs in the treatment of PID were screened out. The results were verified by molecular docking. Results: A total of 89 formulae were included, involving 164 MM herbs. The efficacy of the drugs was mainly cough-suppressing and panting-calming herbs, and heat-clearing herbs. The nature and flavor were mainly bitter and cold. The CGMs of MM to treatment of PID was excavated as the classic famous formula Sanzi Decoction (Toosendan Fructus-Chebulae Fructus-Gardeniae Fructus). A total of 28 candidate components and 237 predicted targets of CGMs were collected, and 61 common targets with PID were obtained, including key compounds such as quercetin, kaempferol, β-sitosterol and stigmastero and key targets such as VEGFA, IL6, TP53, AKT1. KEGG enrichment analysis yielded AGE-RAGE signaling pathways, IL-17 signaling pathways, and TNF signaling pathways. Molecular docking results showed that the key targets were well matched with the potential active ingredients of CGMs. Conclusion: This study found that MM commonly used cough-suppressing and panting-calming herbs in combination with heat-clearing herbs to treat PID, and the CGMs for the treatment of PID is “Toosendan Fructus-Chebulae Fructus-Gardeniae Fructus”. CGMs mainly play a role in the treatment of PID by acting on VEGFA, IL6, TP53, AKT1 and other targets, regulating AGE-RAGE signaling pathways, IL-17 signaling pathways, and TNF signaling pathways.
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Mongolian medicine (MM) is an important part of Mongolian culture. Exploration of MM can play a crucial role in the prevention and treatment of various diseases and can help provide better health care globally. In this article, we gave a brief introduction to the origin and development of MM, the theoretical system of MM, the principles of Mongolian materia medica formula, the modern research on Mongolian materia medica and the quality control of Mongolian materia medica. The present situation and outlook of MM were also discussed.
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Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are the most problematic metabolic diseases in the world. NAFLD encompasses a spectrum of severity, ranging from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and fibrosis, increasing the risk of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Importantly, NAFLD is closely linked to obesity and tightly interrelated with insulin resistance and T2DM. T2DM and NAFLD (T2DM-NAFLD) are called as the Xike Rixijing Disease and Tonglaga Indigestion Disease respectively, in Mongolian medicine. Xike Rixijing Disease maybe develop into Tonglaga Indigestion Disease. Forturnately many Mongolian medicines show efficient treatment of T2DM-NAFLD, such as Agriophyllum squarrosum, Haliyasu (dried powder of camel placenta), Digeda-4 (herbs of Lomatogonium carinthiacum, rhizomata of Coptis chinensis, ripe fruits of Gardenia jasminoides, herbs of Dianthus superbus), Guangmingyan Siwei Decoction Powder (Halite, ripe fruits of Terminalia chebula, rhizomata of Zingiber officinale, fruit clusters of Piper longum), Tonglaga-5 (ripe fruits of Punica granatum, barks of Cinnamomum cassia, ripe fruits of Amomum kravanh, fruit clusters of Piper longum, flowers of Carthamus tinctorius), Tegexidegeqi (rhizomata of Inula helenium, ripe fruits of Gardenia jasminoides, rhizomata of Platycodon grandiflorum, rhizomata of Coptis chinensis, heartwood of Caesalpinia sappan), Ligan Shiliu Bawei San (ripe fruits of Punica granatum, barks of Cinnamomum cassia, ripe fruits of Amomum kravanh, fruit clusters of Piper longum, flowers of Carthamus tinctorius, ripe fruits of Amomum tsao-ko, rhizomata of Zingiber officinale), etc. Principles of Mongolian medicine in treating diseases: by balancing “three essences or roots” and “seven elements”, strengthening liver and kidney function, transporting nutrients to enhance physical strength and disease resistance, and combined with drugs for comprehensive conditioning treatment. However, their molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In this review, we prospect that Mongolian medicines might be a promising treatment for T2DM-NAFLD by activating P2X7R/NLRP3/NF-κB inflammatory pathway via lipid-sensitive nuclear receptors (i.e., FXR and LXR).
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Objective: Corydalis bungeana (CB) is a well-used medicinal herb in Mongolian folk medicine and has been traditionally applied as an antiobesity agent. However, the evidence-based pharmacological effects of CB and its specific metabolic alterations in the obese model are not entirely understood. This study aimed to utilize untargeted metabolomic techniques to identify biomarkers and gain mechanistic insight into the serum metabolite alterations associated with weight loss and lipid metabolism in obese rats. Methods: A high-fat high-sugar (HFHS) diet was used to induce obese models in rats. CB extract was orally gavaged at 0.18, 0.9 and 1.8 g/kg doses for six weeks, and feed intake, body weight, fat pad weight, and blood indexes were measured. Blood serum metabolites were evaluated by gas chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (GC-TOF/MS). Results: The results showed that compared with the obese group, the administration of CB extract caused significant decreases in body weight (P < 0.05), feed intake, Lee's index, and perirenal, mesenteric, epididymal fat weight. CB extract also reduced blood triglyceride and total cholesterol levels (P < 0.05) of obese rats. Metabolomic findings showed that nine differential metabolites, including pyruvic acid, D-glucuronic acid, malic acid, dimethylglycine, oxoglutaric acid, pantothenic acid, sorbitol acid, fumaric acid and glucose 6-phosphate were identified under CB treatment and altered metabolic pathways such as TCA cycle, pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis, and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis. Conclusion: This study demonstrated weight loss and lipid lowering effects of CB on HFHS diet-induced obese rats and identified nine metabolites as potential biomarkers for evaluating the favorable therapeutic mechanism of CB via regulation of lipid and glucose metabolism.
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Syringa oblata is a traditional Mongolian medicine mainly distributed in the Helan Mountains (the boundaries of Inner Mongolia and Ningxia, China) and the north of Yan Mountains (Aohan Qi, Inner Mongolia, China). It is clinically used to treat diseases caused by Heyi, such as heartache and heat pathogen in the heart. Phytochemical studies on S. oblata revealed the presence of iridoids, lignans, triterpenes, phenylpropanoids, phenylethanoids, and volatile components. Pharmacological investigations revealed a broad spectrum of bioactivities, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiproliferative, and hepatoprotective effects. This article summarized the chemical components and pharmacological activities of S. oblata, providing a scientific rationale for its bioactive constituents, quality control, and utilization as an important medicine.
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Objective: To study the chemical constituents from traditional Chinese (Mongolian) medicine, Lomatogonium carinthiacum and Halenia corniculate. Methods: The chemical constituents were isolated and purified by silicagel column, Sephadex LH-20, ODS and high performance liquid chromategramphy. The structures were identified by NMR and MS analysis technics. Results: Twelve compounds were isolated and identified as isovitexin (1), Luteolin-5-O-β-D-glucoside (2), Isosaponarin (3), Luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucoside (4,7), 1,4,8-Trimethoxy-xanthone-6-O-β-D-glucoronyl-(1 → 6)O-β-Dglucoside (5), friginosideD (6), 1-hydroxy-2,3,5-trimethoxyxanthone (8), 1-hydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetramethoxyxanthone (9), 1-hydroxy-2,3,4,7-tetramethoxyxanthone(10), 1-hydroxy-2,3,4,5,7-pentamethoxyxanthone (11) and usnic acid (12). Conclusion: Compounds 6 and 12 are obtained from L. carinthiacum and H. corniculate for the first time.
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In China， the incidence of ischemic heart disease （IHD） is increasing year by year， which brings enormous burden to families and society. It is urgent to find preferable treatment methods and medical therapies. The Chinese ethnic minority medicine has gradually developed unique theoretical systems and therapeutic characteristics on the basis of clinical experience and thinking modes including image-number thinking and the holistic perspective. Consequently， it possesses huge application capacity and research value in prevention and treatment of IHD. Belonging to the medical system based on the view of nature and life， the Tibetan medicine， Mongolian medicine， and Dai medicine have respectively formed theories like "three elements" "three life-sustaining energies" "four elements and five skandhas （aggregates）" ， have put forward unique understandings of IHD and have formed corresponding therapeutic principles and methods， generating plentiful classic prescriptions represented by Sanwei Tanxiang powder， Bawei Chenxiang powder， Roukou Wuwei pills and Yajiao Hadun powder. They also contain characteristic ethnic medicine resources such as Choerospondiatis Fructus， Rhodiola Rosea and Draconis Sanguis. Aiming to provide enlightenment and reference for the clinical application and development of the Chinese ethnic minority medicine for the prevention and treatment of IHD， the authors try to summarize the related researches represented by Tibetan and Mongolian medicines， and then discuss the opportunities and challenges faced by such researches.
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OBJECTIVE To optimize the extraction technology of modified Tabusen- 2（MT-2），and to investigate inhibitory effects of the extract obtained by the optimal technology on osteoclast differentiation. METHODS The index components of MT- 2 process optimization were selected by using network pharmacology. Based on single factor tests ，the extraction technology of MT- 2 was optimized by Box-Behnken design-response surface methodology according to the comprehensive score of contents of above index components ，and then validated. RAW 264.7 cells were induced by receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand（100 ng/mL） to prepare osteoclast differentiation model. Inhibitory effects of MT- 2 extract（18.6，37.2，74.4 ng/mL）obtained by the optimal technology on osteoclast differentiation were investigated. RESULTS The index components screened by network pharmacology included chlorogenic acid ，terpineol diglucoside ，isochlorogenic acid A ，1，5-dicaffeoylquinic acid ，hydroxysafflower yellow A ， ginsenoside Rg 1 and ginsenoside Rb 1. The optimal extraction technology of MT- 2 was ethanol volume fraction of 60％ ，the solid-liquid ratio of 1 ∶ 14（g/mL），extraction time of 94 min and extraction times of twice. The average comprehensive score obtained by the three validation experiments was 95.50，and the relative error with the predicted value （95.75）was －0.26％. Compared with osteoclastic differentiation model cells ，the cells treated with MT- 2 extract prepared by the optimal technology were mostly mononuclear round cells ，and the number of osteoclasts decreased significantly （P＜0.05），its inhibitory effects tended to strengthen with the increase of drug concentration. CONCLUSIONS The optimal extraction technology of MT- 2 is stable and feasible. Obtained extract can inhibit osteoclast differentiation.
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Objective:To study the protective effect of Mongolian medicine Bateri-7 on radiation-induced intestinal injury in mice.Methods:C57BL/6J male mice were randomly divided into control group, irradiation group and irradiation plus drug administration group, with 10 or 15 mice in each group. For irradiation group, the mice were given a single dose of 12 Gy 60Co γ-rays with total body irradiation. For drug treatment, the mice were gavaged with Bateri-7 (530 mg/kg) 7 d before irradiation until 3 d after IR. At 6 h and 24 h after irradiation, the Tunel positive cells in intestine were detected immunohistochemically. At 3.5 d after irradiation, the structure of intestinal villi was observed by HE staining, and the BrdU and Ki67 positive cells were detected immunohistochemically. The expression levels of IL-6, TNF-α and Cxcl-5 were detected by qPCR. The FITC-dextran in peripheral blood was also determined. Results:The survival of irradiated mice was significantly increased by Bateri-7 ( χ2= 5.84, P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference in weight between two groups ( P > 0.05). The villi length of small intestine in the irradiation plus drug group was significantly longer than that in the irradiation group ( t = 20.24, P < 0.05), and there was no significant difference in the depth of intestinal crypt between two groups ( P > 0.05). At 6 and 24 h after irradiation, the number of Tunel positive cells in intestinal crypts in the irradiation plus drug group was significantly reduced in comparison with the irradiation group ( t = 3.52, 2.90, P < 0.05). At 3.5 d after irradiation, the level of FITC-dextran in serum and the expressions of IL-6, TNF-α and Cxcl-5 in small intestine of mice in the irradiation plus drug group were significantly lower than those in the irradiation group, respectively( t = 6.92, 7.01, 7.18, 13.16, P < 0.05). The number of BrdU and Ki67 positive cells in the crypt of mice in the irradiation plus drug group was higher than that of the irradiation group ( t = 3.91, 2.57, P < 0.05). Conclusions:Mongolian medicine Bateri-7 can effectively alleviate irradiation-induced intestinal injury of mice, which may have a good preventive and therapeutic effect on radiation enteritis.
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To explore the potential molecular mechanism of Mongolian medicine Bawei Sanxiang San in the treatment of chronic heart failure(CHF) through network pharmacology and molecular docking technology. The active ingredients and potential targets of Bawei Sanxiang San were collected by applying TCMSP, BATMAN databases and literature mining. CHF-related genes were collected through TTD, GeneCards and CTD databases. After the potential common targets between Bawei Sanxiang San and CHF were disco-vered, the interaction network diagram of "compound-target-pathway" was constructed using Cytoscape. The intersecting targets were imported into the DAVID database for GO function and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. Finally, the Autodock_vina software was used to molecularly dock the selected proteins with the active ingredients of Bawei Sanxiang San. The results showed that there were 60 active ingredients in Bawei Sanxiang San that might be used to treat CHF, involving 311 target genes and 7 signaling pathways that directly related to CHF, such as HIF-1 signaling pathway, TNF signaling pathway, adrenergic signaling in cardiomyocytes, aldosterone-regulated sodium reabsorption, calcium signaling pathway, cGMP-PKG signaling pathway, renin secretion. Additionally, molecular docking showed that the bioactive compounds had good binding activity with the protein receptors of key target genes. Bawei Sanxiang San might exert therapeutic effects on CHF by regulating cardiomyocytes, angiogenic and inflammation related targets and pathways in a multi-component, multi-target and multi-pathway manner.
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Humans , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Heart Failure/genetics , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Medicine, Mongolian Traditional , Molecular Docking SimulationABSTRACT
Atherosclerosis is one of the most common diseases that threaten human health. How to effectively inhibit atherosclerosis， extend the survival time and improve the quality of life has become one of the most urgent issues to be solved clinically. Mongolian medicine， with a long history of managing human diseases， is an important part in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） and has distinct ethnic characteristics. It has been gradually formed and developed by absorbing some theories of Tibetan medicine， Indian medicine and relevant knowledge of TCM. Mongolian medicine has many advantages， including but not limited to， low toxicity and diverse structure. However， the action mechanism of Mongolian medicine in preventing and managing atherosclerosis has yet to be fully clarified， which has been a major obstacle for further promotion and application of Mongolian medicine in clinical settings. In this review， the up-to-date research findings on Mongolian medicine were collected， analyzed and summarized， and the anti-atherogenic action mechanism of Mongolian medicine were reviewed from the aspects of anti-inflammatory， lipid-lowering， anti-oxidative stress， vascular endothelial cell protection， and inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration.
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Presently， tumor has become an important factor threatening human health， and how to cure tumor effectively is still one of the most important problems in the modern medical field. Mongolian medicine has a long history， and is an important component of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， with distinctive national characteristics. It has been gradually formed and developed by absorbing Tibetan medicine，Indian medical theory and TCM. It has the advantages of a low toxicity，diverse structures and effect in modulating immune responses，with a important value and application perspectives. This paper focused on literatures from China National Knowledge Infrastructure，WanFang and Pubmed databases in recent years，with Mongolian medicine，anti-tumor and mechanism of action as the key words. The relevant literatures were collected， and the anti-tumor mechanisms of Mongolian medicinal in inhibiting cell proliferation， affecting cell cycle，inducing apoptosis，suppressing tumor invasion and metastasis，controlling angiogenesis and regulating immune status were summarized， in the hope to provide a reference for prevention and treatment of tumors with Mongolian medicine. The survey results showed that the study methods for Mongolian medicine at this stage were mostly simple， with a low overall level and based on in vitro cell level. However，the antitumor mechanism of Mongolian medicine compounds was not deeply studied. The material basis and mechanism of Mongolian medicine shall be further studied by modern medicine and bioscience techniques. Long-term goals and plans shall be established to form their own characteristics and advantages.
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OBJECTIVE：To improve the quality standard of M ongolian med icine Artemisia sacrorum ，and to provide scientific basis for comprehensive quality evaluation. METHODS ：The appearance and microscopic characteristics of A. sacrorum were identified；scopoletin，chlorogenic acid ，caffeic acid ，scopoletin and 3，5-dicaffeoylquinic acid were identified quantitatively by TLC；the contents of above 5 components were determined by HPLC. The water content ，total ash and extract were examined. RESULTS：The stem of A. sacrorum was cylindrical ，and its surface was purple or purple-brown or cyan-brown ；the leaves were ovate or oblong-ovate ，fragrant；the flowers were yellow ，head-shaped，subglobose or hemispherical. The powder was green or yellow-green，its pollen grain had three germination ；the parenchymal cell clusters with sharp edges and numerous threaded ducts ， occasionally having marginal pitted ducts ；its wood fibers were in bundles mostly. Results of TLC showed that the spots of the same color were found in the corresponding positions of chromatogram for 5 substance control and samples. The linear range of scopoletin， chlorogenic acid ， caffeic acid ， scopolactone and 3，5-dicaffeoylquinic acid were 85.60-428.00， 10.16-101.60， 10.20-102.00，40.84-408.40 and 40.80-408.00 μg/mL（all r＞0.999 0）. RSDs of precision ，stability，repeatability tests were all less than 3.00％（n＝6）. The average recoveries were 103.07％，99.66％，98.37％，97.78％，98.40％（all RSDs ＜3.00％，n＝6）. The contents of the above-mentioned 5 compounds in 10 batches of samples were 0.36％-1.23％，0.09％-0.51％，0.04％-0.13％， 0.61％ -1.13％ ，0.12％ -1.11％ ，respectively；the average com contents of water ，total ash and water soluble extract were 6.25％，5.86％，26.50％，respectively. CONCLU SIONS：O the basis of the original quality standard of A. sacrorum ， microscopic identification，TLC identification ，content determination and examination items of water ，total ash and extract are added. The method shows good precision ，accuracy and stability ，which can provide reference for more scientific and standardized evaluation of the quality of this medicinal material.
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OBJECTIVE：To provide scientifi c evidence for improving the quality standard of Mongolian medicine Juniperus rigida. METHODS ：Totally 10 batches of J. rigida from different places were taken as samples to observe their characters and identify them by microscope ；TLC method was adopted to qualitatively identify isoquercitrin ，quercitrin，amentoflavone， podocarpusflavone A and hinokiflavone ；the contents of total ash ，acid-insoluble ash ，ethanol-soluble extract and heavy metals were determined by related method stated in 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopeia （part Ⅳ）. The contents of above 5 components in samples were determined by HPLC. RESULTS ：The powder of J. rigida was green or yellowish green ，polygonal tracheids ， closely arranged in longitudinal with unequal stomatal ；epidermal cells were nearly rectangular ；sclerenchyma cells were quasi rectangular and the wall beadedly thickening. Results of TLC showed that the spots of the same color were found in the corresponding positions of chromatogram for test sample and substance control. The contents of total ash ，acid-insoluble ash and ethanol-soluble extract in 10 batches of samples were 7.37％-11.18％，0.75％-2.98％，16.55％-26.42％，respectively；average contents were 8.51％，1.27％，22.35％. The contents of lead ，arsenic，cadmium，mercury and copper were 2.00-5.44，0.65-1.65， 0.044-0.100，0.034-0.160，4.59-6.79 mg/kg，respectively；average conte nts were 3.73，0.97，0.078，0.061，5.23 mg/kg. The linear ranges of isoquercitrin ，quercitrin，amentoflavone，podocarpus- flavone A and hinokiflavone were 4.98-20.02，49.99-199.96， 19.94-99.96，9.99-40.00，20.20-159.98 μg/mL（all r＞0.999 7）； com RSDs of precision ，repeatability and stability （24 h） tests were all less than 3.00％（n＝6）；the average recoveries were 话：0993-2057878。E-mail：Tanghuishz@qq.com 100.62％-102.96％，RSDs were 1.21％-1.88％（n＝6）. Average contents of the above-mentioned 5 compounds in 10 batches of samples were 0.089-0.379，1.379-4.250，1.077-2.026，0.162-0.423， 0.016 9-0.117 0 mg/g，respectively. CONCLUSIONS ：The qualitative and quantitative analysis methods of Mongolian medicine J. rigida are established. It is preliminarily proposed that the total ash content shall not exceed 10.22％，the acid-insoluble ash content shall not exceed 1.53％，ethanol-soluble extract content shall not be less than 17.88％，heavy metal lead should not exceed 5 mg/kg，arsenic should not exceed 2 mg/kg，cadmium should not exceed 0.3 mg/kg，mercury should not exceed 0.2 mg/kg，copper should not exceed 20 mg/kg.
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OBJECTIVE：To preliminarily investigate the improveme nt effects and mechanism of Mongolian medicine Saorilao-4 decoction on specific pulmonary fibrosis model rats. METHODS ：Male SD rats were randomly divided into normal control group ，model group ，positive control group （pirfenidone，0.163 g/kg）and Saorilao- 4 decoction low ，medium and high dose groups （0.899，1.798，3.596 g/kg），8 rats in each group. Except for normal control group ，other groups were given 6 mg/mL bleomycin intratracheally at 5 mg/kg once to induce the specific pulmonary fibrosis model. From the first day after modeling ， normal control group and model group were given normal saline intragastrically ，other groups were given corresponding drugs intragastrically，once a day ，10 mL/kg，for 4 weeks. During the experimental period ，the general condition of the rats in each group was observed and the body mass was weighed. Twenty-four h after last medication ，the appearance morphology of rat l ung in each group were observed. The morphological characteristics of lung tissues were observed by HE and Masson staining. ELISA was adopted to determine the activity of SOD and the content of MDA in serum ，the contents of hydroxyproline （HYP），IL-1β，IL-6，hyaluronidase（HA），laminin（LN）precollagen type Ⅲ（PC-Ⅲ）and collagen type Ⅳ（Col-Ⅳ）in lung tissue. RT-PCR was used to determine the mRNA 发。E-mail：bwf007007@sina.com expression of TGF-β 1，Smad3 and Smad 7 in lung tissue. RESULTS：Compared with model group ，the activity ，hair and diet of the rats in each dose group of Saorilao- 4 decoction and positive control group were significant ly improved ，and the body mass after the last administration was significantly increased ； the pathological change of lung and pulmonary fibrosis were significantly improved ，and the activity of SOD in serum was increased significantly. Serum content of MDA （except for Saorilao- 4 decoction medium dose group ），the contents of HYP （except for Saorilao- 4 decoction high dose group ），IL-1β，IL-6，HA，LN，PC-Ⅲ，Col-Ⅳ（except for Saorilao- 4 decoction high dose group）as well as mRNA expression of TGF-β1 and Smad 3 in lung tissue were significantly decreased ；mRNA expression of Smad 7 was significantly increased （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. CONCLUSIONS ：Saorilao-4 decoction can significantly improve the lung pathological changes ，delay and reverse the progression of pulmonary fibrosis in specific pulmonary fibrosis model rats ，the mechanism of which may be related to the inhibition of inflammatory response ， improvement of lipid peroxidation ， down-regulation of TGF-β1 and Smad 3 mRNA expression ，and up-regulation of Smad 7 mRNA expression.
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Mongolians have a long history of using prescriptions, which can be classified into four stages as follows: the germination and experience accumulation stage before the 13 th century, the theoretical formation stage from the 13 th to 16 th century, the rapid development stage from the 17 th to 20 th century, and the leaping development stage from the mid-20 th century to the present. The prescriptions from the ancient classical or representative medical books have always been used by Mongolian physicians for generations, and they are still in use due to the definite curative effects. In 2008, the Notice on Issuing the Supplementary Provisions to the Registration and Management of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM) described that China has attached more importance to the excavation and development of classical prescriptions. As stipulated in the Law of the People's Republic of China on Traditional Chinese Medicine, the classical prescriptions should be those available in ancient TCM classics and still in wide use, with exact curative effects, distinct features, and obvious advantages. This paper expounded the historical formation and development of classical prescriptions in Mongo-lian medicine, introduced the five most influential ancient medical books revealing the formation and development of these classic prescriptions, and traced the origin of such classical prescriptions as Wenguanmu Siwei Decoction, Shouzhangshen Bawei Decoction, Jianghuang Siwei Decoction and summarized the origin, development history and characteristics of classical prescriptions in Mongolian medicine, aiming to provide a reference for their further research and development.
Subject(s)
Humans , Books , China , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Medicine, Mongolian Traditional , PrescriptionsABSTRACT
Introduction@#The basis of the development of traditional Mongolian medicine in the 21st century is the importance of reading and studying the biographies of previous generations of ancient doctors and scientists, as well as old medical books and sutras. For example, it is important to gain a deeper understanding of the scientific basis of the ancient medical books, and to understand the manuals and treatment’s methods of doctors and maarambas.@*Research goal@#Studying the biography of Erdene Bandida Khutagt, Khamba Nomuun Khan Hanchen Choijal Luvsandanzanjantsan, and his medical book titled “gsal ba’i sgron me”.@*Research methods@#We used following study methods; manuscripts, primary source methods, hermeneutic method, matrifocal listing method, historical comparative method and analysis synthesis method.@*Result@#Erdene Bandida Khutagt, Khamba Nomuun Khan Hanchen Choijal Luvsandanzanjantsan, the first incarnation of the Lama Gegeen, was born on the 15th of January 1639, in Ulziit Ovoo, Sain Noyon Khan aimag. In 1643, at the age of five, he was initiated by Namkhaisodnomdagva and named Choijidorj. In 1644, at the age of six, he went to Tibet in order to study Tibetan script, calligraphy, and secret tantric rituals and other subjects including medicine taught by Luvsanyarpel, who came to Mongolia from the Dashlkhumbe Monastery of Tibet. Thus, from an early age, he was immersed in religious and medical teachings. Luvsandanzanjantsan has written five books in Tibetan. We selected the book titled “mkhan chen chos kyi rgyal poi gsung ‘bum las gso ba rig pa’i rtsa rgyud kyi’ grel pa gsal ba’i sgron me ces bya ba bzhugs so” as our main subject of study. The book clearly explains the “Root Tantra” of the “Four Medical Tantras”, clarifies the difficult words and content of the theory and makes it easier for people to learn. In addition, we have studied the structure, content, and concluding remarks of this book.@*Conclusion@#Luvsandanzanjantsan was not only a scientist who penetrated the five great sciences, but also made a valuable contribution to the expansion of Mongolian medical research field and the introduction of Tibetan medicine into Mongolia. He is credited with reviewing and commenting on the best medical works of Indian and Tibetan scholars.
ABSTRACT
Background@#Traditional Mongolian medicine is one of the heritage which inherited since ancient times of nomadic culture. The radical culture of Mongolian medicine is related to shamanism and initially, it was inherited as “Dhom zasal” among folks and it was written and popular as “Sutra of Dhom” and “Sutra of Black Dhom”. </br> Thus, to define the fundamental knowledge and methods of traditional cure by analysing from those scriptures like, sutras and fetishism is the unavoidable and historical duties for the contemporary medical researchers. Therefore, our mission was to study and recognize the historical facts of the reason, situation and the generative factors of birth of remedies. @*Material and Method@#We used following study methods; manuscripts, primary source methods, hermeneutic method, and historical comparative method.</br> The study materials were more than 20 sutras which have not studied fully. Furthermore, we used scientist’s creatures and textbooks related to dhom zasal.@*Results@#It is important for define that, in which developmental period of Mongolian traditional medicine, the mantic cure was formed and what it has been through to be inherited nowadays. If could do so, it would be more accessible and orderly.</br> Recently, our medical researchers have reached to substantial success in study of medical history and have come with conclusive result that the Mongolian traditional medicine has to be properly staged into six developmental periods.</br> Further, the researchers have identified not only developmental stages of traditional medicine, but defined stages of development of medical science in Mongolia.</br> Regarding to this developmental definition, formation of traditional remedies is belonged to the stage of observation-based curing technique collecting (from prehistoric to 209 AD) period.@*Conclusion@#From our study, based on resources and factual statements, we found that, Dhom in Mongolian means remedies which were initiated at primitive time due to their physical unwellness and improved and developed from time to time. In fact, at the beginning, the remedy methods were empirical, with no adequate sequences and involuntary, but it had been developed time by time throughout, experiment and observations.